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href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/01/INGRR7UIJ31.DTL">http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/01/INGRR7UIJ31.DTL</A>
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<P>Director Jonathan Demme fiddles with the classics again. After a remake of
"Charade," he now offers up "The Manchurian Candidate" for a nervous, post Sept.
11 era.
<P>The original 1962 film featured Angela Lansbury as a political Svengali and
Frank Sinatra as an Army major who tracks down Laurence Harvey, an American
soldier captured during the Korean War and programmed through hypnotism for
assassination by Chinese Communists. The film was based on a 1959 best-selling
book by Richard Condon. For all the critical acclaim and subsequent political
attention (Did Lee Harvey Oswald see it or not?), the movie flopped initially
and was withdrawn from release after John F. Kennedy's assassination.
<P>"The Manchurian Candidate" remake brings to a wider audience questions about
the role of the state in brainwashing and mind control, a topic usually reserved
for the "nutters" on the Internet, as a character in the new movie puts it
succinctly.
<P>Updating the politics of the era, the Communist evil empire has been replaced
by a multinational corporation, Manchurian Global. Updating the science,
hypnosis and brainwashing have been augmented with electrodes in the brain,
microchips implanted in the body and electroshock.
<P>The term "brainwashing" was first popularized by Edward Hunter, in his 1951
book, "Brainwashing in Red China." Brainwashing was his translation for a
Chinese term "hsi-nao," meaning, roughly, "cleansing of the mind." "It is
practically impossible to fight something until it has been given a name,"
Hunter wrote, saying that brainwashing had a more "flesh-and-blood" quality than
a more clinical alternative, "menticide," which means murder of the mind.
<P>The fear of brainwashing was rooted in wartime, fueled by anti-communist
fervor and tinged with racism and xenophobia. Some U.S. prisoners of war in
Korea renounced their citizenship in radio broadcasts and many signed
confessions against American interests, including charges, still debated today,
that the United States was engaged in germ warfare with anthrax.
<P>For Americans to abandon their ideals, the Communists must have devised some
nefarious new means of thought control -- or so it was thought. </P>
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