Fwd: "pilgrim" - Word of the Day from the OED

[Dave Monroe]

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Subject: "pilgrim" - Word of the Day from the OED
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OED Online Word of the Day

pilgrim, n.

DRAFT REVISION Sept. 2008

Brit. /plgrm/, U.S. /plgrm/  Forms: . lOE-ME pilegrim, ME pelegrim, ME
pelgrim, ME pilegrym, ME pilgerim, ME pilgram, ME pilgrame, ME
pilgreme, ME pilgrryme, ME pillegrim, ME pulgrym, ME pylegrim, ME
pylegrym, ME pylgram, ME pylgrum, ME-15 pilgrem, ME-15 pilgrym, ME-15
pilgryme, ME-15 pylgreme, ME-15 pylgrim, ME-15 pylgrime, ME-15
pylgrym, ME-15 pylgryme, ME-17 pilgrime, ME- pilgrim, 15 pylgrem; Sc.
pre-17 pilgerame, pre-17 pilgram, pre-17 pilgrame, pre-17 pilgrayme,
pre-17 pilgreim, pre-17 pilgrem, pre-17 pilgrime, pre-17 pilgrom,
pre-17 pilgrum, pre-17 pilgrym, pre-17 pilgryme, pre-17 pylgram,
pre-17 pylgrame, pre-17 pylgriame, pre-17 pylgrime, pre-17 17-
pilgrim.

lOE Manumission, Exeter (Exeter 3501) in C. Fox & B. Dickins Early
Cultures North-west Europe (1950) 366 And is is seo gewitnisse, Iohan
alurices sune,..Huberd Randolf cotes sune, Osbern Hod Pilegrim
Ialebriht Gesfrei se coc, [etc.]. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues 35 Swa
do pilegrimes e late her awen eard and fare in to ore lande. c1275
(?a1200) LAAMON Brut (Calig.) 15342 e pillegrim him talde al at he
wolde. c1275 (?a1200) LAAMON Brut (Calig.) 15346 Brien..saide et he
wes pelegrim, ah pic nefden he nan mid him. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite,
E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Heb. xi. 13 Thei ben pilgrymes [a1425 L.V.
pilgryms], and herborid men vpon the erthe. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite,
E.V.) (Royal) 1 Pet. ii. 11, I beseche ou, as comelynge..and pilgrimes
[a1425 L.V. pilgrymys]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 989/339*,
Art ou not a pilgrim at walkes here in land? 1440 Promp. Parv. (Harl.
221) 398 Pylgreme, proselitus. c1480 (a1400) St. Andrew 1001 in W. M.
Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 92 Thane com a pylgrime
sodanly. c1480 (a1400) St. Andrew 1056 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends
Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 93 Quhen e pilgram had herd is. c1480
(a1400) St. Machor 1218 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial.
(1896) II. 35 He as pilgerame thocht at rome to be. 1530 J. PALSGRAVE
Lesclarcissement 254/1 Pylgryme, pellerin. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2
Esdras xvi. 40 Be euen as pylgrems vpon earth. 1563 N. WINET Certain
Tractates (1890) II. 16 It apperis to me, the Pilgrum. a1586 (?a1513)
W. DUNBAR Poems (1998) 139 Walk furth, pilgrame. 1662 M. CAVENDISH
Loves Adventures Pt. 1 II. vii. 13 Though I am loves Pilgrime, yet I
shall travell to an honest heart; there to offer my pure affections.
1764 R. BURN Hist. Poor Laws 205 Pilgrims were licensed to wander, and
beg by the way, to render their devotions at the shrines of dead men.
1841 DICKENS Old Curiosity Shop I. xv. 170 The two pilgrims..pursued
their way in silence. 1927 H. V. MORTON In Search of Eng. iii. 60
'Here's mud in your eye!' said one of the modern pilgrims, tossing
down his martini. 1994 Connecticut Hort. Soc. Newslet. Apr. 10/2 This
small private church has attracted pilgrims and cure-seekers for
nearly 200 years.
. ME pilegrin, 15 pilgrin; Sc. pre-17 pelegrin, pre-17 pilgren, pre-17
pylgryne, 18 puiligrün (Orkney).
a1393 GOWER Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) I. 2041 The kyng..syh comende
ayein his char Two pilegrins..Thei..bede Som of his good par charite.
a1530 (c1425) ANDREW OF WYNTOUN Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) VI. 1896 As
pylgryne to the curt [of Rome] he come. ?1596 J. BUREL Passage Pilgr.
I, in Poems sig. N2, Bot I who was ane pure Pilgren And half ane
stronimeir. 1891 T. E. BUCKLEY & J. A. HARVIE-BROWN Vertebr. Fauna
Orkney Islands 153 Puiligrün, I fancy, is only an attempt to repeat
Peregrine, which some stranger had used in their (Orcadian native)
hearing.
 [< Anglo-Norman pilegrin, pilegrine, pilgrim (also pelerim, pelerin,
pilerin, pelrin, pilrin, peregrin, peregrine; compare Old French,
Middle French pelerin, French pèlerin) stranger, alien, pilgrim,
crusader (compare Old French pelerin c1050 in sense 'stranger', c1100
in sense 'pilgrim') and its etymon post-classical Latin pelegrinus
(4th cent.), variant (with dissimilation of r to l) of classical Latin
peregrnus PEREGRINE n. Compare Old Occitan peligrin (12th cent.),
pellegri, peleri (13th cent.), Occitan pelerin, Catalan pelegrí (14th
cent.; also peregrí), Spanish peregrino (13th cent.; also pelegrino),
Italian pellegrino (12th cent. as pelegrinu). Compare also Middle
Dutch pelegrim, pelgherijm, pelegrijn (Dutch pelgrim), Middle Low
German plegrm, pelgrm, plegrm, pilgrm, Old High German piligrm (Middle
High German bilgerm, bilgern, pilgern, German Pilger, (arch.)
Pilgrim). Compare PELERIN n.]

    1. A person on a journey, a person who travels from place to
place; a traveller, a wanderer, an itinerant. Also in early use: a
foreigner, an alien, a stranger. Now literary and poet.

lOE Manumission, Exeter (Exeter 3501) in C. Fox & B. Dickins Early
Cultures North-west Europe (1950) 366 And is is seo gewitnisse, Iohan
alurices sune,..Huberd Randolf cotes sune, Osbern Hod Pilegrim
Ialebriht Gesfrei se coc, [etc.]. a1225 (OE) Rule St. Benet (Winteney)
107 a heane & a pilegrimes [L. peregrinorum] ealre eornest beon
underfangene. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues 35 Swa do pilegrimes e
late her awen eard and fare in to ore lande. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 253
e ilke et is pilgrim and ine oncoue contraye huer bye manye yeues an
robberes et aspie e pilgrims. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl.
959) Judges xix. 16 He was of e hil of effraym, & a pilgrym dwellide
in gaba. a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 9, Barginus..a pilgrim of
anoer cuntre. c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1913) 112 We
haue Decreyd..e pertinencis..in-to ere owne vses to e susteynyng of
powre men and pilgrymys. a1500 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) 11836 He shal
shewe him..e sixte time to pilgrimes tweie at shullen wi him to a
castel wende. 1582 R. STANYHURST tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis
I. 1 Lyke wandring pilgrim too famosed Italie trudging. c1610 Jok
Uplandis Newis f. 9v, Now they are going in the court lyk poor
pilgroms. 1744 J. THOMSON Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 94 A suffocating
Wind the Pilgrim smites With instant Death. 1764 O. GOLDSMITH
Traveller 11 And haply too some pilgrim, thither led, With many a tale
repays the nightly bed. 1814 WORDSWORTH Excursion II. 56 Mount slowly
Sun! and may our journey lie Awhile within the shadow of this hill,..a
shelter from thy beams! Such is the summer Pilgrim's frequent wish.
a1850 D. G. ROSSETTI Dante & Circle (1874) I. 106 Any man may be
called a pilgrim who leaveth the place of his birth. 1914 S. LEWIS Our
Mr. Wrenn iv. 57 He climbed to the top deck, and now he could again
see his brother pilgrim, the moon. 1991 A. CARTER Wise Children (1992)
i. 34 But, pilgrim by name, pilgrim by nature, came the day the
wanderlust seized him by the throat again.

    2. a. A person who makes a journey (usually of a long distance) to
a sacred place as an act of religious devotion.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine 2470 From eonne as ha deide twenti dahene
ong, & et ma, as pilegrimes, et wel witen, segge. c1275 (?a1200)
LAAMON Brut (Calig.) 15346 Brien..saide et he wes pelegrim, ah pic
nefden he nan mid him. c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 125 Who
at nel nout leue me, Wite at pilgrimes, at er ha be. c1387-95 CHAUCER
Canterbury Tales Prol. 26 Pilgrymes [v.r. pilgremes] were they alle
That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde. c1400 (a1376) LANGLAND Piers
Plowman (Trin. Cambr.) A. Prol. 46 Pilgrimes and palmeris pliten hem
togidere For to seke seint Iame & seintes at rome. c1485 (1456) G. HAY
Bk. Law of Armys (1901) 238 All pilgrymes to quhat voyage that ever
thai pas in the service of God and his sanctis, thay ar all in the
protectioun and salvegarde of the pape. 1560 J. DAUS tr. J. Sleidane
Commentaries f. cccxliv, At the same time were very manye
Pilgrimes..at Rome,..to thentent they might..receiue cleane remission
and forgeuenes of theyr sinnes. 1598 SHAKESPEARE Henry IV, Pt. 1 I.
ii. 124 There are pilgrims going to Canturburie with rich offerings,
and traders riding to London with fat purses. 1667 MILTON Paradise
Lost III. 476 Here Pilgrims roam, that stray'd so farr to seek In
Golgotha him dead, who lives in Heav'n. 1740 J. DYER Ruins of Rome 3
The Pilgrim oft..mid his Oraison hears Aghast the Voice of Time. 1797
A. RADCLIFFE Italian II. i. 51 'Hush! they are pilgrims,' whispered
Viraldi. 1841 E. W. LANE tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 26 Pilgrims
returning from the holy places bring water of Zemzem, dust from the
Prophet's tomb. 1892 D. SLADEN Japs at Home xxvi, Nikko with
its..awestruck pilgrims, and its shrines. 1954 H. F. M. PRESCOTT
Jerusalem Journey v. 127 A mosque, to the Christian pilgrim, was
forbidden ground. 1994 Connecticut Hort. Soc. Newslet. Apr. 10/2 This
small private church has attracted pilgrims and cure-seekers for
nearly 200 years.

    b. In extended use: a person who makes a journey to visit a place
of particular significance or interest, esp. as an act of homage,
respect, etc. Cf. PILGRIMAGE n. 1b.

1584 R. LLOYD Nine Worthies sig. G.v, She closed vp my dieng eies,
whom once I loued most..Thus as a Pilgrime died I. 1599 T. STORER Life
& Death Wolsey sig. B3v, Perchance the tenor of thy mourning verse May
leade some pilgrim to my toomblesse graue. 1662 M. CAVENDISH Loves
Adventures Pt. 1 II. vii. 13 Though I am loves Pilgrime, yet I shall
travell to an honest heart; there to offer my pure affections. 1691 W.
MOUNTFORT Greenwich-Park IV. ii. 41 We Lovers and Pilgrims in the
Devotion of the fair Sex, must bear much More. 1720 A. PENNECUIK
Streams from Helicon III. 198 Plant Bays and Laurels on the mournful
Cell; Upon his Grave perpetual Greenness dwell. Pilgrims must know it
is not common Dust. 1783 W. BLAKE Poet. Sketches, His breast is love's
all-worshipp'd tomb, where all love's pilgrims come. 1847 G. LIPPARD
Washington & his Generals VI. v. 518 That State House is the Mecca of
Freedom, to which the pilgrims of all climes may come. 1885 H. JAMES
in Atlantic Monthly May, The pleasant old town of Coventry, where all
American pilgrims to midland shrines go and murmur Tennyson on the
bridge. 1927 H. V. MORTON In Search of Eng. iii. 60 'Here's mud in
your eye!' said one of the modern pilgrims, tossing down his martini.
1991 R. FERGUSON Henry Miller xvi. 358 He had retained his status as a
hero of the young and received a steady trickle of pilgrims at the
house on Ocampo Drive.

    3. fig. Originally and chiefly in religious contexts: a person
travelling through life, esp. one who undertakes a course of spiritual
development leading towards heaven, a state of blessedness, etc.; a
person who experiences life as a sojourn, exile, or period of
estrangement from such a state. Cf. PILGRIMAGE n. 3.
  Freq. in translations of or with allusion to Hebrews 11:13.

c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 178 Ah eo
pilegrimes e ga toward heouene, ha ga to beon isontet & to finden godd
seolf & alle his hali halh en liuiende i blisse. 1340 Ayenbite (1866)
257 et is e cite of paradis et e guode pilgrims zeche. c1384 Bible
(Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Heb. xi. 13 Thei ben pilgrymes
[a1425 L.V. pilgryms], and herborid men vpon the erthe. c1450 (c1350)
Alexander & Dindimus 983 For ere is nouht our eritage..But we ben pore
pilegrimus put in is worde. c1475 (a1449) LYDGATE Minor Poems (1934)
II. 822 To erthly pilgrymes that passen to and froo, Fortune
shewith..How this world is a thurghfare ful of woo. 1526 Bible
(Tyndale) Heb. xi. 13 They..confessed that they were straungers and
pilgrems on the erthe. c1595 C'TESS OF PEMBROKE Psalms of David (1823)
cxix, A Pilgrim right On earth I wandring live. 1621 H. AINSWORTH
Annot. Gen. iii. 24 Minding himselfe an exile and pilgrime here one
earth. 1678 J. BUNYAN Pilgrim's Progress 90, I was a Pilgrim, going to
the Clestial City. 1732 W. LAW Serious Call (ed. 2) i. 8 To live as
Pilgrims in Spiritual Watching. 1791 M. DE FLEURY Divine Poems & Ess.
91 Thou dwell'st secure in yon bright world above,..While I on earth
remain a pilgrim still, Confin'd in clay. 1838 R. W. EMERSON Oration
before Lit. Societies 6 A divine pilgrim in nature, all things attend
his steps. 1850 N. HAWTHORNE Scarlet Let. xi. 172 A gleam along my
earthly track, whereby the pilgrims that shall come after me may be
guided to the regions of the blest. 1909 L. M. MONTGOMERY Anne of
Avonlea v. 42 Anne marshalled her shaky wits into order and looked
over the array of little pilgrims to the Grown-up Land. 1989
Christianity Today 22 Sept. 11/1 We should..recognize our status as
mere pilgrims in this world.

    4. a. U.S. Hist. Usu. in plural and with capital initial. Any of
the English Puritans who founded the colony of Plymouth,
Massachusetts, in 1620; (gen.) any of the other early English
colonists. See also Pilgrim Fathers n. at Compounds 2.
  In quot. 1630, William Bradford (the second governor of Plymouth)
uses pilgrim of the settlers figuratively, alluding to Hebrews 11:13
(cf. sense 3). The same phraseology was repeated by Cotton Mather and
others, and became familiar in New England. By the late 18th cent.
commemorative toasts were often given to 'the Pilgrims' or 'the Sons
of the Pilgrims', and through such celebration Pilgrim and Pilgrim
Father eventually passed into use as historical designations.

1630 W. BRADFORD Hist. Plymouth Plantation 36 They knew they were but
pilgrimes, & looked not much on those things; but lift vp their eyes
to ye heauens, their dearest cuntrie. 1654 E. JOHNSON Hist. New-Eng.
216 Yet were these pilgrim people minded of the suddain forgetfulness
of those worthies that died not long before. 1660 in Publ. Colonial
Soc. Mass. (1914) 17 366 [New Haven colony] bounds extended neare unto
Cold Spring, beyond Pilgrims Harbour. 1702 C. MATHER Magnalia Christi
II. i. 3/1 They found..a new World..in which they found that they must
live like Strangers and Pilgrims. 1794 in Publ. Colonial Soc. Mass.
(1914) 17 366 Toasts on the occasion, viz..The Pilgrims in Concord.
1841 A. YOUNG Chron. Pilgrim Fathers 88 The term Pilgrims belongs
exclusively to the Plymouth colonists. 1892 Nation (N.Y.) 21 Apr.,
What shall we say to the descendants of the Pilgrims, and the
Signers,..who are happy and content under his sway? 1957 Encycl. Brit.
XIV. 101/2 The Betty lamp of the Pilgrims (1620)..was equipped for
hanging from mantelpieces or shelves. 1987 N. BLEI Neighborhood xxii.
146 Thanksgiving was as gray as the clothes the Pilgrims wore.

    b. N. Amer. regional (chiefly west.) and colloq. (freq.
depreciative). A recent immigrant, a tenderfoot; (of cattle) a newly
imported or unseasoned animal. Now chiefly in weakened sense: a
newcomer, a stranger.

1841 W. L. MACCALLA Adventures in Texas 46 After such an address from
a citizen of that calumniated country Texas to a shattered old
pilgrim, I took the liberty of withdrawing to another apartment. 1867
J. F. MELINE Two Thousand Miles on Horseback 22 The term Pilgrims for
emigrants first came into use at the period of the heavy Mormon
travelthe Mormons styling themselves 'Pilgrims to the promised land of
Utah'. 1888 Cent. Mag. Feb. 509/1 Those herds consisting of
pilgrims,..animals driven up on to the range from the South, and
therefore in poor condition. 1907 J. W. SCHULTZ My Life as Indian ii.
22 A pilgrim, only three months in the country and going to help an
Indian steal a girl! 1962 Alta Hist. Rev. Autumn 16/2 In stockmen's
language..newly imported..cattle are 'pilgrims', also applied to those
unable to 'rustle' or hunt for food. 1994 R. HENDRICKSON Happy Trails
181 Say, what's your name, pilgrim? 2000 B. DRAVIS Millennium Babe
xxiii. 244 Robert..put on his bravest smile, saying, 'Well, howdy,
pilgrim, something we can do for you?'

    c. N.Z. Also Canterbury pilgrim. Any of the British colonists who
first settled in Canterbury, New Zealand, in 1850.
  Originally (in quot. 1850) with allusion to pilgrims travelling to
Canterbury, England, as in Chaucer, etc.

1850 M. F. TUPPER in Canterbury Papers IV. 116 Heaven speed you, noble
band! Linked together heart and hand, Sworn to seek that far-off land
Canterbury Pilgrims. 1851 Times 5 July 8/6 At the head of the
pilgrims..were working clergy, working schoolmasters, working
landlords, working labourersworkers every one! 1865 M. A. BARKER
Station Life N.Z. (1874) iii. 20 Fifteen years ago a few sheds
received the 'Pilgrims', as the first comers are always called. 1903
Daily Chron. 30 Mar. 5/2 Sir John Hall..was one of the original
'Canterbury pilgrims', as the first settlers in the New Zealand
province founded under the auspices of the Church of England were
styled. 1972 M. ANDERSON Let. from James 143 The shake [i.e.
earthquake] was described as the most severe since the arrival of the
pilgrims. 2000 Christchurch (N.Z.) Press (Nexis) 16 Dec. 10 When James
Edward FitzGerald jumped ashore at Lyttelton, 150 years ago almost to
the hour, he did more than just become the first of the Pilgrims to
land.

    5. [after French pèlerine; compare PELERINE n.] A pilgrim's
mantle; a length of fabric attached to a hat so as to cover the neck.
Now hist.

1740 Triumph of Beauty 6 (note) Pelerin worn about the Ladies Necks,
and in English a Pilgrim. 1860 F. W. FAIRHOLT Costume in Eng. Gloss.,
Pilgrim, a term given about 1765 to an appendage of silk, fixed to the
back of a lady's bonnet, by way of covering the neck, when walking.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 4 Aug. 10/1 The excited young wife pounced on the
supposed lost 'pilgrim'. 1957 M. B. PICKEN Fashion Dict. 251/1
Pilgrim, cape or ruffle fastened to back of bonnet to shield the neck.
Used in 18th century.

    6. More fully pilgrim falcon, pilgrim hawk. The peregrine falcon,
Falco peregrinus (see PEREGRINE adj. 1). Now rare.

1793 W. SMELLIE tr. G. L. L. de Buffon Nat. Hist. Birds I. 212 Thus
the Falcons are reduced to two species; the Common or Genteel Falcon,
and the Passenger or Pilgrim Falcon. 1866 Morning Star 4 Aug., Sparrow
hawks, gerfalcons, hobbies, pilgrims, vultures, and merlins. 1940 G.
WESCOTT (title) The pilgrim hawk: a love story.
________________________________

    COMPOUNDS

    C1. pilgrim chief n.

1805 SCOTT Lay of Last Minstrel VI. xxix. 190 When *pilgrim-chiefs, in
sad array, Sought Melrose' holy shrine. 1928 Decatur Rev. 9 Feb. 10/3
(heading) Modern Pilgrim Chief..Sir Harry Britain..had almost as rough
a voyage to New York..as the original Pilgrims.

    pilgrim cloak n.

1799 J. WEST Poems & Plays IV. 159 Then Alleyne cast his *pilgrim
cloak And tuneful harp aside. 1918 W. M. KIRKLAND Joys of being Woman
xx. 239 We are pilgrims, never dropping..the pilgrim cloak of an
affable reserve. 1991 K. GRAVDAL Ravishing Maidens iii. 99 He [sc.
Renart the fox] wipes his arse with his pilgrim cloak and throws it at
the council members.

    pilgrim clothing n.

[c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Zeph. i. 8 Y shal
visite..vpon alle that ben clothid with pilgrim or straunge clothing
[L. veste peregrina].] c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 198 Bryng
hedur at lord of ours at late seld hys *pylgram clothyng. 1988 W.
WILLIAMS Pilgrimage & Narr. in French Renaissance II. vi. 225 In order
to recover the requisite pilgrim clothing stolen from him at Jaffa.

    pilgrim foot n.

1790 W. SOTHEBY Poems 8 Sacred soil, Oft trod by *pilgrim foot. 1878
R. BROWNING La Saisiaz 325 Sward my pilgrim-foot can prize. 2002 Press
Enterprise (Riverside, Ca.) (Nexis) 14 Dec. A 12, Since the first
Pilgrim foot landed on this ground.

    pilgrim garland n.

1906 N.E.D. s.v. Pilgrim sb., *Pilgrim garland.

    pilgrim life n.

1615 E. SANDYS Sacred Hymns 70 In *pilgrim life, our rest; in thrald
estate, our stay. 1856 E. B. KELLY Autobiogr. i. 7 Now, at the age of
thirteen years and five months, [I] commenced my pilgrim life. 2004
Honolulu Advertiser (Nexis) 6 Jan. 4A, A teaching kit used in
classroom demonstrations about Pilgrim life.

    pilgrim man n.

1661 S. PORDAGE Mundorum Explicatio II. 223 It was dear *Pilgrim Man's
stupidity, That me enforc'd to this Apostrophe. 1796 S. T. COLERIDGE
Destiny of Nations, Now the ascent She climbs of that steep upland, on
whose top The Pilgrim-man..Shouts to himself. 2003 Providence (Rhode
Island) Bull. (Nexis) 17 Oct. C1 The Pilgrim man nudges the Indian.

    pilgrim-monger n. Obs.

1715 M. DAVIES Athenæ Britannicæ I. 284 As the *Pilgrim-Monger Mr.
Medcalf undauntedly own'd in 1712.

    pilgrim monk n.

1800 J. COTTLE Alfred III. 75 And never *pilgrim-monk unheeded ask'd
For food or raiment. 1892 Science 5 Feb. 73/2 Yuang Chang, the pilgrim
monk, who..returned after sixteen years' wanderings in India. 1995
Speculum 73 225 The rule of Benedict distinguished between the
reception of rich and poor, priests, and pilgrim monks.

    pilgrim-poet n.

1801 G. DYER Poems 88 And oft where Clytha's winding waters gleam
Shall *pilgrim-poets burn with kindred fire. 1899 F. H. SEVERANCE Old
Trails on Niagara Frontier 291, I have found no other pilgrim poets
making Niagara their theme. 2001 Stud. Canad. Lit. (Nexis) Sept. 26
107-126 The pilgrim-poet of The Divine Comedy encounters the fulfilled
destinies of historic and mythic characters.

    pilgrim sheet n. Obs.

1768 G. BARETTI Acct. Manners & Customs Italy I. 25 That he might not
lie..in beggarly *pilgrim sheets.

    pilgrim soul n.

1698 E. TIPPER Pilgrim's Viaticum 79 Go then, my *Pilgrim-Soul, pursue
the Way. 1850 E. B. BROWNING Runaway Slave ii, O pilgrim-souls, I
speak to you! 2001 Washington Post (Nexis) 14 June A3, Jefferson
was..graceful, musical, gallant, a pilgrim soul.

    pilgrim spirit n.

1752 M. BROWNE Wks. & Rest of Creation II. 237 Walk in the
*Pilgrim-Spirit..thy kindled Lamp High-lifted in thy Hand. 1850 J. G.
WHITTIER Poems 151 By the free Pilgrim spirit nursed Within our inmost
bosoms, yet. 2001 Chicago Daily Herald (Nexis) 22 Oct. 16 The Pilgrim
spirit has not been subdued by several challenges.

    pilgrim staff n.

a1475 LANGLAND Piers Plowman (Harl. 875) A. VII. 95 *Pilgrimstaf [v.r.
pykstaf; c1400 Trin. Cambr. I wile worsshipe erewi treue in my lyue,
And ben his pilgrym at e plou..My ploupote shal be my pyk]. 1611 T.
CORYATE Crudities sig. E, He had a long staffe in his hand with a
nobbe in the middle, according to the fashion of those Pilgrims
staffes. 1710 T. PARNELL Hermit 25 The pilgrim~staff he bore, And
fix'd the scallop in his hat before. 1812 S. ROGERS Voy. Columbus
(rev. ed.) V. 26 Oh, had ye vowed with pilgrim-staff to roam. 1993 C.
A. O'MARIE Murder makes Pilgrimage 64 James, dressed in flowing cape,
wide-brimmed, cockleshelled hat, with a pilgrim staff in his hand.

    pilgrim state n.

1689 J. SHOWER Serious Refl. on Time & Eternity xx. 135 In this
*Pilgrim State, the Gifts and Graces, and Comforts of the Holy Spirit
are so refreshing. a1820 J. WOODHOUSE Life Crispinus Scriblerus in
Life & Poet. Wks. (1896) I. ix. 160 What doubts depress the heartwhat
hopes dilateTo try their Spirits in that pilgrim state! 1998 M.
PURCELL Myst. & Method 357 Such a limitation of reason, however, is
linked to our pilgrim state, and will eventually be overcome.

    pilgrim step n.

1671 MILTON Paradise Regain'd IV. 424 Till morning fair Came forth
with *Pilgrim steps in amice gray. 1826 A. L. BARBAULD Wks. 171 With
curious search their pilgrim steps shall rove. 1999 Irish Times 1 May
15 Our weary pilgrim steps falter and are so easily led astray.

    pilgrim tax n.

1830 Times 15 July 7/1, 40,000 rupees..a year is paid to native
officers of the temple out of the proceeds of the *pilgrim-tax. 1995
Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 58 3 The pilgrim tax was the most
important source of revenue for the amir of Mecca.

    pilgrim throng n.

1773 L. T. NYBERG tr. A. G. Spangenberg Life Nicolas Lewis II. II. vi.
184 God be adored who spar'd thee here so long For the refreshment of
his *pilgrim-throng! 1908 W. HINCHMAN & F. GUMMERE Lives Great Eng.
Writers 16 When his [sc. Chaucer's] turn comes to narrate in the
Canterbury Pilgrim throng. 2002 Scotsman (Nexis) 7 Oct. 12 The crowd
was noticeably different from the usual motley pilgrim throng in the
square.

    pilgrim trade n.

1880 Times 17 Aug. 8/5 The steamers engaged in the *pilgrim trade are
all, or nearly all, owned by native firms. 2004 Philadelphia Inquirer
(Nexis) 15 May A1 Sadr's militia is intimidating locals and driving
off the lucrative pilgrim trade.

    pilgrim traffic n.

1869 Times 3 Mar. 4/3 The mere *pilgrim traffic would be enormous.
2002 Business India 19 Aug. 96/2 In the prominent Vishwanath galli
that sees heavy pilgrim traffic to and from the..temple.

    pilgrim-warrior n.

c1610 Pilgrim's Song in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign James I (1848) 110,
I am a *pilgrim-warriour bound to fight Under the red crosse, 'gainst
my rebell will. 1922 J. JOYCE Ulysses II. 554 He gives the pilgrim
warrior's sign of the knights templars. 1992 Los Angeles Times (Nexis)
7 Apr. 1/2 Most of the pilgrim-warriors are from Saudi Arabia.

    pilgrim-worn adj.

1899 Academy 15 July 56/2 Thine [sc. Shakespeare's] the shrine more
*pilgrim-worn than all The shrines of singers. 1998 R. M. COOPER Lit.
Guide & Compan. to Southern Eng. (rev. ed.) ii. 18 The pilgrim-worn
steps are even more..[noticeable] after many decades of additional
use.

    C2. pilgrim city n. (a) (U.S.) a city associated with the Pilgrim
Fathers, spec. Boston and Plymouth, Massachusetts; (b) a city to which
pilgrims travel.

1835 New-Eng. Mag. May 395 There is about to be established in the
city of Bostonin the very heart of this *Pilgrim citya Monastery! 1856
Life Illustr. 31 May 33/4 Plymouth, Mass., is the 'Pilgrim City', from
the eventful landing at Plymouth Rock. 1989 M. DIBDIN Ratking (BNC)
193 At least in Perugia you were spared the relentless
commercialization of the pilgrim city.

    pilgrim-fatherly adj. nonce-wd. characteristic of the Pilgrim Fathers.

1883 E. A. FREEMAN Some Impressions U.S. vii. 64 It sounds, so to
speak, '*pilgrim-fatherly'.

    Pilgrim Fathers n. Amer. Hist. the group of English Puritans who
set up the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620, and are
regarded as the founders of the United States (see sense 4a).

1799 Columbian Centinel 25 Dec. 3 An Ode [by Samuel Davis], in honor
of the Fathers, was sung..Hail *Pilgrim Fathers of our race, With
grateful hearts your toils we trace. 1853 J. B. MARSDEN Hist. Early
Puritans 295 The May-flower and the Speedwell..in which the exiles of
Leyden, the pilgrim fathers, embarked upon their voyage. 2003 Church
Times 31 Oct. 21/4 Joseph was nevertheless a descendant of one of the
Pilgrim Fathers from the Mayflower.

    pilgrim-remover n. poet. Obs. rare death.

1618 R. BRATHWAIT Remains after Death in Good Wife sig. F,
*Pilgrim-remouer that depriues vs sence.

    pilgrim road n. (also pilgrim's road) a route followed by pilgrims
travelling to a shrine (cf. pilgrims' way n.); also in extended use.

1743 R. POCOCKE Descr. East I. III. v. 159 At the first entrance into
the *pilgrims road (Derb-el-Hadjee)..I saw a sort of sossee towards
the east south east. 1899 J. T. BEALBY tr. S. Hedin Through Asia I. 13
Carey..crossed the pilgrim road from Mongolia to Lhasa immediately
south of the point where it climbs over a pass in the Kwen-lun
Mountains. 1993 Harper's Mag. Mar. 9/2 The season's political
candidates travel the pilgrim road of the tabloid talk shows, making
confession to Larry or Barbara or Phil. 2004 Time Internat. 5-12 July
(Time Atlantic) 56 That feat, plus building some of the pilgrim roads
and bridges we walk today, earned a civil-engineering sainthood for
Juan de Ortega.

    pilgrim-salve n. (also pilgrim's salve) Obs. an ointment made from
gelatin or animal fat; (euphem.) dirt, filth, excrement.

c1580 tr. Bugbears I. iii. 90 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren
Sprachen (1897) 98 313 A drane of *pylgrim salve to clap to hiss
nosse. 1670 Mod. Acct. Scotl. in Harl. Misc. (1813) VI. 137 The whole
pavement is pilgrim-salve. 1798 J. LAWRENCE Treat. Horses II. vii. 271
Markham's favourites were oil of oats, and pilgrim's salve.

    pilgrim's badge n. (also pilgrim badge) chiefly hist. a token,
usually a small metal badge imprinted with a particular emblem or in
the shape of a scallop or cockleshell, worn, esp. by medieval
Christians, to indicate the completion or undertaking of a
(particular) pilgrimage (cf. pilgrim's shell n., pilgrim's sign n.).

1639 T. FULLER Hist. Holy Warre IV. xi. 187 He..vowed to eat no bread
untill he was recognized with the *Pilgrimes badge. 1873 Times 8 Sept.
8/1 The pilgrim's badge which I carry is a sufficient passport to the
hearts of my host and his domestics. 1932 O. E. SAUNDERS Hist. Eng.
Art in Middle Ages xvi. 222 The existing specimens of pilgrims' badges
date from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries: some of the later
ones are bronze, in the form of brooches or buttons. 1998 Ashmolean
Spring 8/1 The Department of Antiquities has acquired..a splendid
group of seventeen pilgrim badges.

    pilgrim's bottle n. (also pilgrim bottle) [apparently not a
loan-translation] a flat bottle with a ring on each side of the neck
for the insertion of cords by which it may be carried; a costrel
(COSTREL n.1).

1842 Times 24 May 9/2 Lot 53. A pair of *pilgrim's bottles in Faenza
ware. 2002 Financial Times (Nexis) 10 Aug. 6 A Chinese Ming dynasty
enamel pilgrim's bottle.

    pilgrim's pouch n. a small bag carried by a pilgrim, a scrip;
(also) a pilgrim's sign consisting of a piece of lead or other
material, shaped as a small pouch (rare).

c1828 W. BERRY Encycl. Heraldry I. Gloss., Wallet, a scrip, or
*pilgrim's pouch. 1983 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 14 Mar. 5
(crossword clue) Provisional financial receipt for the pilgrim's pouch
[= scrip].

    pilgrim's ring n. (also pilgrim-ring) a ring presented to a person
as a sign of having visited a site of pilgrimage.

1877 W. JONES Finger-ring Lore 181 The '*pilgrim-ring' of Edward the
Confessor..was in after times preserved with great care. 1936 Times 28
Jan. 35/2 On the very day after Edward [sc. the Confessor]'s
demise..he was laid to rest, with his crown on his head..and the
pilgrim's ring on his finger.

    pilgrim settler n. (a) Amer. Hist. one of the Pilgrim Fathers; one
of the early English-speaking settlers in North America in the
seventeenth cent.; (b) N.Z. Hist. one of the European settlers in the
Canterbury area of New Zealand in the 1850s.

1837 Lady's Bk. Aug. 49 Since the days of our fathers, the *pilgrim
settlers of New England, it is by no means certain that we have
advanced in the knowledge of our duties towards heaven. 1886 G. R.
HART Stray Leaves from Early Hist. Canterbury 6 It was hardly a matter
for surprise that amongst the ranks of the Pilgrim Settlers who..set
sail for Canterbury in 1850, we should have many scions of the
aristocracy. 1974 Hist. Teacher 7 312 Plymouth Colony, founded by the
Pilgrim settlers in 1620, has received considerable attention from
colonial historians in recent years. 1999 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.)
(Nexis) 18 Dec. 4 The first of the four pilgrim settler ships, the
Charlotte Jane, arrived at Lyttelton from England on December 16,
1850.

    pilgrim's shell n. (also pilgrim shell) a scallop shell (also
occas. a cockleshell), esp. one carried by a pilgrim as a sign of
having visited the shrine of St James of Compostela; an artificial
imitation of such a shell.

[1778 E. M. DA COSTA Hist. Nat. Testaceorum Brit. 144 It [sc. Pecten
jacobaeus] is also a native of the Mediterranean Sea, and is probably
the very species worn by pilgrims as a mark of devotion; I have
therefore given it the trivial name of the Pilgrim. 1785 tr. Buffon
Nat. Hist. IX. 319 The shells are of the large pilgrim or scallop kind
[cf. French coquille (de) Saint Jacques].] 1853 A. REACH Claret &
Olives 203 The king wore the pilgrim's scrip and the *pilgrim's shell.
1870 R. MORRIS Youthful Explorers in Bible Lands 19 The most common
shell is the famous Pilgrim shell, with its five spines denoting the
birth, life, death, resurrection and ascension of our Lord Jesus
Christ. 1882 A. M. MACY in E. K. Godfrey Nantucket 34 Besides the
'pilgrim' shells, so numerous that we almost overlook their beauty.
2003 Liverpool Daily Echo (Nexis) 1 Nov. 27 The distant days of hooded
monks and pilgrims' shells are gone.

    pilgrim's sign n. (also pilgrim sign) a medal or other small
object worn on a pilgrimage, or presented to a person as a sign of
having visited a site of pilgrimage.

1869 W. H. DIXON Her Majesty's Tower xii. 85 Vast crowds were taking
up the cross, and sticking on their breasts the *pilgrim's sign; a
scroll displaying the five wounds of Christ. 1997 U. S. Catholic Apr.
42 Medieval 'pilgrim signs' cast in lead provided souvenirs for
globe-trotting shrine-goers.

    pilgrims' way n. (also pilgrim way, pilgrim's way) a route
followed by pilgrims travelling to a shrine (cf. pilgrim road n.);
(with capital initials, the name of) a well-established route to a
particular shrine, esp. that of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury
Cathedral, England.

1888 Eng. Hist. Rev. 3 426 The way in question is the *Pilgrims'
Way..that runs over the downs here. 1892 Fitchburg (Mass.) Daily
Sentinel 24 Sept. 10/1 This olden pilgrims' way undoubtedly brings you
with the most pleasant impressions to your first view of Canterbury.
1980 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 11 Feb. 7 It announced
modification of the planned road that would have threatened the
'pilgrims' way' approach to the church's most revered shrine, the
Jasna Gora Monastery at Czestochowa. 2004 Spectator (Nexis) 28 Aug. 40
If you have time try to approach it from the woodland path once known,
romantically but erroneously, as the Pilgrims' Way, now correctly but
boringly called the North Downs Trackway.

    pilgrim train n. (a) a group of pilgrims travelling together; (b)
a railway train carrying pilgrims.

1657 N. BILLINGSLEY Brachy-martyrologia xx. 67 Beziers was stormed by
the *Pilgrim train. 1746 Coll. Hymns (ed. 3) II. 79/1 Lord of ev'ry
Man: Lead thy Pilgrim-train! 1889 J. T. BEALBY tr. S. Hedin Through
Asia xiii. 172 Many a trading-caravan and pilgrim-train passes up and
down the valley. 2003 Toronto Star (Nexis) 26 Aug. A01, Police halted
one pilgrim train near the city..having discovered an attempt to
sabotage the track.

    pilgrim vase n. [apparently not a loan-translation] a flat vase
with a ring on either side of the neck, shaped in imitation of a
pilgrim's bottle (cf. pilgrim's bottle n.).

1876 Times 28 Mar. 4/5 A rare Pekin ware *Pilgrim vase, with birds and
flowers in colours and gold. 2003 Nation (Thailand) (Nexis) 2 May,
Ivory card cases from China's Ching period..and Chinese porcelain
pilgrim vases moulded with dragon handles are among the 180 lots.

    pilgrim weeds n. (also pilgrim's weeds) the costume of a pilgrim,
traditionally a long cloak and a broad-brimmed hat; old or worn
clothes.

c1400 (c1378) LANGLAND Piers Plowman (Laud) B. XI. 228 Cleophas ne
knewe hym naute, at he cryste were, For his pore paraille and
*pilgrymes wedes [c1400 C text pilgrimes cloes]. 1488 HARY Actis &
Deidis Schir William Wallace I. 277 His modyr graithit hir in pilgrame
weid. 1752 W. MASON Elfrida 48 Mean and pilgrim weeds, All like an
antient, toil-worn traveller. 1854 H. B. STOWE Sunny Memories of
Foreign Lands I. xi. 242 He thought to spend the other part of his
life for God's sake, and so departed from his lady in pilgrim weeds.
1971 Country Life 18 Feb. 37-L2 Medieval writers refer to 'pilgrims'
weeds', meaning the long cloak or tunic and the broad-brimmed hat that
protected the wearer from sun or rain.
________________________________

    DERIVATIVES

    pilgrim-like adv. and adj.

1574 T. NEWTON tr. G. Gratarolus Direct. Health Magistr. Epist. 7
Dwelling (*Pylgrymlike) in the bodies of all men, women, and
fourfooted beastes. 1614 J. NORDEN Labyrinth Mans Life sig. E4, Some
pilgrim-like, forge habite to haue passe, Returning know not, what
their errand was. 1756 T. AMORY Life John Buncle I. 282 They travel in
a pilgrim-like manner. 1858 J. D. BURNS Village Festival 180 Gay
groups are winding through the vines In pilgrim-like array. 1998 20th
Cent. Lit. 44 400 The playlets of the pageant are introduced and
interwoven with the activities of a pilgrim-like chorus, groups of
villagers who dance between the trees.

    pilgrim-wise n. and adv.

c1400 (a1376) LANGLAND Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr.) A. VI. 4 Hy a lede
mette Aparailid as a paynym in *pilgrim [v.r. pilgremes; palmeres]
wyse. He bar a burdoun..An hundrit of ampollis on his hat seten,
Signes of synay & shilles of galis And many crouch in his cloke &
keies of rome. a1591 H. SMITH Wks. (1867) II. 485 In earth, man
wanders, pilgrim-wise. a1862 H. D. THOREAU Cape Cod (1985) vii. 944
The inhabitants travel the waste here and there pilgrim-wise and staff
in hand. 1980 Boundary 2 8 290 She [sc. the writer] may construct the
text to which she is precursor, and which will itself go knocking,
pilgrim-wise, on the doors of the world.


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