Quest for Pynchon / Mathew Winston

[grladams at teleport.com]

The Quest for Pynchon
Mathew Winston
Twentieth Century Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Oct., 1975), pp. 278-287.
The Quest for Pynchon

The statements contained herein are not guaranteed
but have been obtained from sources which we
consider reliable. Pynchon & Co., 1929


Shortly after the publication of V., a friend of mine noticed a copy of
the novel in a Manhattan apartment she was thinking of renting. She asked
the current occupant whether he liked the book. "Yes," he replied, "but you
know-Pynchon's a very strange man. He doesn't allow any photographs of
him to appear. There's none on the book jacket and none in the advertising."
"Why, that's true," said my friend, "but how did you happen to notice that?
It never would have occurred to me." "Oh, I work for the FBI," he responded.
"It's my business to notice that sort of thing."
The paranoia that dominates Pynchon's fictions may be justified in more
ways than one. But, fortunately, I found myself more involved with another
central motif of Pynchon's novels: the quest. In 1974 I spent a summer at
Cornell University, where Pynchon had been an undergraduate. I had been
reading and teaching his novels for several years, and I was curious about
their author. The memory of my friend's story, Pynchon's continued
secretiveness
and my access to people who had known the writer tempted me to
satisfy that curiosity and to begin a quest for Pynchon. I assumed that the
process of looking for information about the mysterious Thomas Pynchon
should be almost as intricate and fascinating as following the metamorphoses
of V., the legacy of Pierce Inverarity, the history of Rocket 00000. The
assumption has proved valid. Like the movement of the crowd at the beginning
of Gravity's Rainbow, and like that of any Pynchon novel, my investigation
has been "not a disentanglement from, but a progressive knotti~zg into."
Since direct communication with the sequestered Pynchon was impossible,
I started by consulting official documents, and I immediately encountered
difficulties. Some records, such as his Corne!l transcript, are
confidential by
THE QUEST FOR PYNCHON
nature. Others Pynchon has made so; for instance, he has asked the principal
of his former high school not to disclose anything by or about him. Some
documents seem to have disappeared. Information about Pynchon's service in
the Navy may have gone forever when a records office in St. Louis burned
after an explosion. And his dossier at the Cornell College of Arts and
Sciences
has vanished, to the bewilderment of the staff there. I suspect that
Pynchon,
who has taken care to cover his tracks, may know what happened to it.
I also met with resistance from people who knew Pynchon. One example
will suffice. In the midst of a pleasant conversation with an old
acquaintance
of mine, I remarked that he must have been in Ithaca at the same time as
Pynchon. He suddenly turned to ice. Only after thawing him for about ten
minutes did I learn that he had once shared an apartment with Pynchon.
But that is about all I did learn. Pynchon has been either unusually
fortunate
or unusually careful in his choice of friends, for they are as eager to
protect
his privacy as he is. At first it seemed to me as though a group of
initiates
guarded the arcane and ineffable secret of Thomas Pynchon, but later I
recognized
that his friends demonstrate their friendship by respecting his aversion
to publicity, even though they may not understand it.
If I knew Pynchon personally, I probably would not write this essay
and display publicly the fragments of his life which I have gathered. As is,
I am uneasy about infringing on his privacy, although I have found support
in a letter written by one of Pynchon's nineteenth-century relatives, Peter
Oliver, to Nathaniel Hawthorne: "The public life of any man cannot & should
not be hidden under a bushel, but is fit material for the man of letters
wherewith
'to point a moral & adorn a tale.' It is only when the sanctity of his heart
is invaded, when his motives are impeached, & his private character
distorted,
that there can be reasonable ground for complaint."l
I am also uneasy because the nature of Pynchon's writings compels me
to examine my own reasons for pursuing the information I have sought. As
Herbert Stencil observes of his quest for V., "in this search the motive is
part of the quarry." I am not sure I have found either, but the hunt has
been
enjoyable and exciting, and along the way I have learned much about the
talent Pynchon shares with Stencil, his gift for "inference, poetic license,
forcible dislocation of personality into a past he didn't remember and had
no right in, save the right of imaginative anxiety or historical care, which
is recognized by no one."
The family of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr., can be traced back to the
eleventh century. The earliest Pynchon on record is one Pinco, "sworn
brother
in war" to Endo, who came to England from Normandy with William the
Conqueror. His son was "Hugh, fils Pinconis," whose name later appears as
TWENTIETH CENTURY LITERATURE
"Hugh fils Pinchonis" and "Hugh Fitz Pincheun." The branch of the family
from which Pynchon is descended was established in Essex by the fourteen
hundreds. In 1533 Nicholas Pynchon became High Sheriff of London. John
Pynchon, apparently Nicholas' nephew, obtained the family's coat-of-armsper
bend argent and sable, three roundles within a border engrailed, all counter
changed-and its crest, a tiger's head erased argent. Neither, alas,
contains a
muted post horn.2
John's grandson, William Pynchon, brought the family to the New World
with him in 1630. He was a patentee and treasurer of the Massachusetts Bay
Colony and a founder both of Roxbury and of Springfield, which was named
after his birthplace in Essex. He acquired great wealth trading in beaver
furs
and was on good terms with the Mohawks, who for a time referred to all New
Englanders as "Pynchon's men." William was a strong-willed man whose pique
with the Connecticut General Court, which had issued a wrong judgment
against him, led to Springfield's becoming part of Massachusetts. In his
capacity
as magistrate, he presided over the witchcraft trial of Hugh and Mary
Parsons,
whom he sent on to Boston for further examination. But he himself ran afoul
of the authorities when he became the first Pynchon to turn author. In 1650
he published in England the first of several theological tracts, The
Meritorious
Price of Our Redemption, which is in the form of a discourse between a
tradesman
and a divine. The book asserts that Christ saved mankind through his
perfect obedience to God, not through bearing Adam's curse, and "that Christ
did not suffer for us those unutterable torments of Gods wrath, that
commonly
are calIed Hell-torments, to redeem our soules from them." The "common
Errors" which Pynchon wished to correct were truths to the New England
Puritans, who found his book "to shake the Fundamentals of Religion, and to
wound the vitals of Christianity" and who condemned it "to be burned in the
markett place at Boston."3
Thomas Pynchon derived his interest in unorthodox Calvinist theology
from his &st American ancestor and drew on miscellaneous details of his own
family history for the background of the Slothrops in Gravity's Rainbow.
William Slothrop, the "first American ancestor" of Tyrone Slothrop, is a
transformed
version of William Pynchon. Both men sailed to America with Governor
Winthrop, Slothrop on the flagship Arbella, Pynchon on the Ambrose
or the Yewell. William Slothrop wrote a religious tract entitled
0%Preterition;
"it had to be published in England, and is among the first books to've been
not only banned but also ceremonially burned in Boston." Slothrop and
Pynchon
each returned to England and safety not long after his book was published.
Like William Slothrop, William Pynchon had a son John. John Pynchon,
trader, merchant and land speculator, holder of numerous public offices,
owner
of mines, ships and mills, remained in America and became one of the richest
THE QUEST FOR PYNCHON
men in New England; at his funeral a sermon was preached on "Gods Frown
in the Death of Usefull Men." His family produced a considerable number of
merchants, doctors, clergymen and academics. One of his eighteenth-century
descendants, Joseph Pynchon, seemed likely to become governor of Connecticut
until he backed the losing side in the American Revolution. Nevertheless,
Joseph is important to our story through his marriage to Sarah Ruggles, a
descendant of Thomas Ruggles, who was one of the original settlers of
Roxbury.
Their son, Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, was the first to bear the name that has
remained in the Pynchon family since 1760; he served as a physician in
Guilford,
Connecticut, until he was killed by falling from a horse in 1796.
The Pynchons entered literary history, somewhat obliquely, when
Nathaniel Hawthorne published The Hozlse of the Seven Gables in 1851. The
novel sets forth the unsavory history of a family named Pyncheon (indeed,
Hawthorne had contemplated calling the book "The Old Pyncheon Family").
Hawthorne knew of no extant Pynchons, and so was surprised to receive two
letters of protest from members of the family. The first to write, Peter
Oliver
of Boston, feared that the novel might sully the reputation of the
great-greatgrandson
of the founder of Springfield, William Pynchon (1723-1789), who
was popularly known as Judge Pynchon and who had resided for a time in
Sa!em.4 The second correspondent was Rev. Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, who
was the grandson of the Guilford physician and was at that time rector of
St.
Paul's Church, Stockbridge, and Trinity Church, Lenox. He faulted Hawthorne
for "holding up . . . the good name of our Ancestors to the derision and
contempt of our countrymen." He explained that he was particularly upset
because "our Family Circle is an exceedingly smd one. Probably there are not
more than 20 persons in the whole country bearing the name, all of whom
are closely connected by blood: and all-known to each other: We know of
no Pynchons not of our own little band."5 Hawthorne responded temperately
and even went so far as to pen a requested disclaimer to add to his preface
(which, however, was never published). But his irritation with those who
confused
his fiction with their reality emerged in a letter he wrote to his publisher
on June 5, 1851: "I have just received a letter from another claimant of the
Pyncheon estate. I wonder if ever, and how soon, I shall get at a just
estimate
of how many jackasses there are in this ridiculous world. My correspondent,
by the way, estimates the number of these Pyncheon jackanapes at about
twenty;
I am doubtless to be remonstrated with by each individual. After exchanging
shots with all of them, I shall get you to publish the whole
correspondence, in
a style corresponding with that of my other works; and I anticipate a great
run for the volume."
Despite his literal-mindedness with Hawthorne, Rev. Thomas Ruggles
Pynchon (1823-1904) was a worthy spiritual ancestor of the novelist who
TWENTIETH CENTURY LITERATURE
bears his name, for he was master of many different fields. He received the
degrees of D.D. and LL.D. and taught chemistry, geology, zoology and
theology
at Trinity College, Hartford, where he served as the ninth president. His
numerous publications range from The Chemical Forces: Heat, Light,
Electricity
. . .: Arz Introduction to Chemical Physics (1870) to Bishop Bgtler, A
Religiom Philosopher for All Time (1889). To my disappointment, the index
to The Chemical Forces mentions neither entropy nor James Clerk Maxwell,
the inventor of Maxwell's Demon. Still, the novelist might appreciate the
coincidence that the copy of the book I consulted bears the signature of
Andrew Dixon White, the first president of the university he was later to
attend.
It goes without saying that the Pynchon family history contains many
such coincidences; in Pynchonland one may almost presume that "everything
is corznected." Admirers of Dr. Schoenmaker's nose job in V. may not be
surprised
to learn of a Dr. Edwin Pynchon (1856-1914), who invented numerous
surgical instruments for operations on the nose, mouth and throat and who
wrote articles on "Surgical Correction of Deformities of the Nasal Septum"
and on a "New Mechanical Saw for Intra-Nasal Operations." Nor is it
altogether
a shock, given Pynchon's interest in rockets and in the military-industrial
complex, to discover that a prosperous stock brokerage called Pynchon &
Co. (George M. Pynchon, senior partner) published a book on The Aviation
Indgstry ( 1928, 1929) which provided information for people considering
"aeronautical investments"; its closing words form the epigraph of this
essay.
Byron the Bulb might have been interested in another of their booklets,
Electric Light and Power: A Szcrvey of World Development (1930).
This is the matrix in which Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr., the novelist,
lives and writes. His father, Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Sr., is the
grandnephew
of the president of Trinity College, after whom he was named. His
mother is Katherine Frances Bennett Pynchon, and he has two younger
siblings,
Judith and John. Pynchon was born on the morning of May 8, 1937, in Glen
Cove, Long Island, New York. When he was a child, the family moved to
nearby East Norwich, where his father, an industrial surveyor, worked for an
engineering firm, was chief of the volunteer fire department, led the local
Republican club and served as highway supervisor and then town supervisor
of Oyster Bay. Thomas, Jr., was just sixteen when he graduated from Oyster
Bay High School in 1953. He was class salutatorian and was presented with
the Julia L. Thurston award as "the senior attaining the highest average in
the
study of English."
Pynchon won a scholarship to Cornell University and matriculated that fall
in the division of Engineering Physics. He was already camera-shy; the
freshman
register for his entering class carries a blank space where his photograph
should be. Although he later transferred to the College of Arts and Sciences
THE QUEST FOR PYNCHON
and took his degree in English, he never abandond his interest in physics;
"one of his teachers still wonderingly remembers his apparently voracious
appetite for the complexities of elementary particle theory."e
I have heard a rumor that Pynchon was married for a short time during
his sophomore year, which seems unlikely in light of his youth, but which
might explain the presence of several disaffected husbands in his fiction
and
also his leaving Cornell for the Navy at the end of that year. Although no
information is available about this period, one may infer from his writings
that he served in the signal corps.
In the fall of 1957 he returned to Cornell, where he was "a constant
reader-the type to read books on mathematics for fun . . . one who started
the day at 1p.m. with spaghetti and a soft drink . . . and one that read and
worked on until 3 the next morning."7 He took a course taught by Vladimir
Nabokov, who does not recall him, although Mrs. Nabokov remembers
Pynchon's "unusual handwriting: half printing, half script."s He was
extremely
unassuming; despite his excellent grades, his modesty kept him from
participating
in the honors program. A celebrated Cornell English professor asked
Pynchon to stop by his office after Pynchon had submitted one of the best
papers he had ever seen. A tall, lanky, mustached young man appeared. When
asked why he was not in the honors program, Pynchon replied: "Oh, sir, I'm
not bright enough. I have some friends in the honors program, and they're
much more intelligent than I am." He received his B.A. in June 1959,
appropriately
enough "with distinction in all subjects."
As a junior and a senior, Pynchon was on the editorial staff of Cornell's
undergraduate literary magazine, The Cornell Writer, which during that time
published several stories and poems by his close friend Richard Fariiia.
Fariiia had also studied both engineering and English. He was an extrovert
who liked to stage what might later have been called Happenings, and Pynchon
sometimes participated. One spring day in 1959 Pynchon and Farifia came to
a garden party dressed as F. Scott Fitzgerald circa 1919-straw boaters,
Princeton
jackets, rep ties-and insisted on carrying out the role all afternoon.
Farifia later wrote about a visit from Pynchon, who had come to serve as
best
man at his wedding, in an essay called "The Monterey Fair," which was
included
in Long Time Coming and a Long Time Gone. He also based an
instrumental composition on V. Pynchon in turn wrote an advertising blurb
for Fariiia's Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up To Me and dedicated
Gravity's Rainbow to him.9
Most important, Pynchon wrote his earliest published stories during his
last two years at Cornell: "Mortality and Mercy in Vienna" (Epoch, Spring
1959), "Low-lands" (New World Writing, 1960) and "Under the Rose"
(The Noble Savage, May 1961), which in a revised form became chapter
T WENTlETH CENTURY LlTERATURE
three of V. He also wrote several loosely connected stories which form a
kind
of picaresque novel about a down-and-outer named Meatball Mulligan. Of
these, only "Entropy" has been published (Kenyon Review, Spring 1960);
I am told that another is set at a revival meeting in Virginia.
Pynchon's very first publication, "The Small Rain" (The Cornell Writer,
March 1959), has not been reissued or even mentioned in print until now.
The story concerns three days in the life of Army specialist 3/C Nathan
"Lardass" Levine, formerly of CCNY and the Bronx, who is approaching the
end of his enlistment. Levine is sent with some other soldiers from Fort
Roach,
La., to set up communications for a crisis center at a local college after a
hurricane has annihilated a Louisiana town. Moved by the college setting, or
perhaps simply because it is "time for a change," Levine is stirred out of
his
"closed circuit" of indifference. He makes "one of those spur-of-the-moment
decisions which it is always fun to wonder about afterward," travels to the
destroyed town and helps to collect the bloated corpses. That evening he
beds
a college girl he flirted with earlier; he wears a baseball cap and smokes a
cigar throughout their thoroughly unromantic coupling. He then returns to
the barracks, from which he hitches a ride for a delayed leave. Having
remarked
that rain "can stir dull roots" or "can rip them up, wash them away,"
Levine observes the rain descending on the truck, and then falls asleep.
The story seems to contain at least some autobiographical elements.
Pynchon's circumstances and Levine's were (allowing for artistic license)
very
similar during the summer of 1957 when the story takes place. Moreover,
there was a hurricane, Audrey, which destroyed the southern Louisiana town
of
Cameron ("Creole" in the story) on June 27 ("around mid-July") of that year.
Many specific details of the tragedy are used in the story without change:
town residents were warned in advance but were told not to rush their
evacuation
because the hurricane, which struck in the early morning, was not supposed
to arrive until nighttime; hundreds were dead or missing; only the
courthouse
remained intact; rescue operations were based at McNeese State College.
Army troops were sent from Fort Polk ("Fort Roach) to assist. Pynchon
may well have been among the naval forces which were also present.
When Pynchon graduated from college, he had his choice of several
feIlowships, including a Woodrow Wilson, and was invited to teach creative
writing at Cornell. He thought about becoming a disc jockey, an interest
which
emerges in the character of Mucho Maas in The Crying of Lot 49. He was
considered as a film critic by Esq~ire.But he chose instead to work on V.
while
Iiving in Manhattan with friends in Greenwich Village and on Riverside
Drive. After some months of this hand-to-mouth existence, he left New York
to take a job with the Boeing Company in Seattle, Washington. He worked
for Boeing from February 2, 1960, to September 13, 1962, not as editor of a
THE QUEST FOR PYNCHON
house organ, as has commonly been reported, but as an "engineering aide"
who collaborated with others on writing technical documents. He then lived
in California and Mexico while he finished V., for which "he kept one of his
Village friends running to the library to look up data in the World Almanac
of 1948.""J V. appeared to enthusiastic reviews in 1963 and was awarded the
William Faulkner Foundation Award as the best first novel of the year.
Pynchon's familiarity with the distinctive madness of southern California
is evident in his second novel, The Crying of Lot 49, which was published in
1966 and won the Richard and Hilda Rosenthal Foundation Award of the
National Institute of Arts and Letters. A need for funds may have prompted
Pynchon to release sections of the novel to popular magazines as short
stories
-"The World (This One), the Flesh (Mrs. Oedipa Maas), and the Testament
of Pierce Inverarity" (Esqzrire, December 1965 ) and "The Shrink Flips"
(Cavdier, March 1966)-and earlier to publish a story called "The Secret
Integration" in The Sattdrday Evening Post (December 19, 1964).
His interest in the interaction between white and black, shown in "The
Secret Integration" and elsewhere, and his knowledge of Los Angeles were
brought together in "A Journey into the Mind of Watts," an essay which he
wrote for the New York Times Magazine (June 12, 1966). One might expect
Pynchon to reveal something of himself in his only piece of nonfiction, but,
although his attitudes are clear and although he describes what he saw and
quotes people he spoke with, the piece is remarkable in that the writer
never
refers to himself.
Indeed, Pynchon has been extraordinarily successful at keeping himself
hidden from his admirers. He has never given an interview and allows no
photographs to be released (the only photograph of Pynchon made public,
one taken when he was a teen-ager, appeared in New York Magazine on May
13, 1974, and was reprinted in Newsweek the following week).
Although the man does not emerge to meet the public, his books do.
The latest was the monumental Grauky's Rainbow, which was published in
1973. The novel had its beginning in a museum in Greenvale, a Long Island
town near Pynchon's home. Pynchon may have been led to it by an article
that was printed in his local paper, the Oyster Bay Ggardian, on July 2,
1954,
while he was home for the summer after his freshman year at college and was
working for the Nassau County Department of Public Works. It was headlined
"Hider's Secret Weapon Displayed at Greenvale."
The dreaded "V-1 Rocket" or "Buzz Bomb," which could have
changed the course of World War 11, is now peacefully on exhibition
in a private museum at Greenvale, L. I.
The jet-propelled ?$$-ton flying bomb is 17 feet wide and 25
feet long, and its war head carried 1,000 pounds of T.N.T. It was
T WENTlETH CENTURY LITERATURE
assembled by the Army from "V-1's" that actually fell on England,
and was later used as model for present-day "Guided Missiles."
Hitler called his secret weapon "Vergeltungswaffe Eins" or
"Vengeance Weapon No. 1." With it he bragged that he would
destroy all of England, but the continuous Allied bombings of the
launching ramps delayed the actual flights until after the D-Day
invasion of Normandy.
The bomb started flying into England on June 13th, 1944,
and in a period of 80 days it destroyed 870,000 homes, killed 5,817
people, and wounded 17,036. It caused the second evacuation of
London.
It had many "nicknames": "V-1 Rocket," "Buzz Bomb,"
"Doodlebug," "Flying Blow Torch," "Robomb," etc.11
Grauity's Rainbow, which was originally entitled "Mindless Pleasures,"l2
was selected for three major literary prizes. It shared the National Book
Award
with a collection of stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer. Pynchon, of course,
did
not appear at the award presentation. In his place, his publisher provided
"Professor" Irwin Corey, a master of comic double-talk, who accepted the
prize amid considerable confusion in the audience. Gravity's Rainbow was
unanimously selected by the judges for the Pulitzer Prize in literature, but
they were overruled by the Pulitzer advisory board, whose members called it
"unreadable," "turgid," "overwritten" and "obscene." As a result, no prize
was given. Finally, in 1975, the novel was awarded the Howells Medal of the
National Institute of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts
and Letters, even though Pynchon declined and suggested the medal be given
to some other author. "The Howells Medal is a great honor," he wrote, "and,
being gold, probably a good hedge against inflation, too. But I don't want
it. Please don't impose on me something I don't want. It makes the Academy
look arbitrary and me look rude. . . . I know I should behave with more
class, but there appears to be only one way to say no, and that's no."
Like Oedipa Maas, I feel I am "left with only compiled memories of
clues, announcements, imitations, but never the central truth itself." There
are still many paths to explore and discoveries to make in the quest for
Pynchon.
I have provided a few signposts. Whether the roads they point to and the
trespassing they involve are worth the journey, I do not pretend to say. The
search concludes for me, not with a revelation of Thomas Pynchon, but with a
fresh sense of my own preterite spirit and a renewed appreciation of the
magical interface between the reader and the book.
1 All quotations from the Hawthorne correspondence are from Norman Holmes
Pearson, "The Pgnchons and Judge Pyncheon," Essax Znsiituta Historical
Collections,
100 (1964), 235-255.
THE QUEST FOR PYNCHON
2 My information about the history of the family derives mainly from
standard
biographical sources; Henry F. Waters, Genealogical Gleanings in Engkznd
(Boston:
New-England Historic Genealogical Society. 1901), 11, pp. 845-867; Joseph
Charles
Pynchon, Record of the Pynchon Family in England and America (1885; rev. W.
F.
Adams, Springfield: Old Corner Book Store, 1898); Hazel Kraft Eilers, "'At
the Sign
of the Crest': Pynchon Coat-of-Arms," Hobbies, 73 (February 1969). 112-113;
and
several town histories, of which the most useful is Mason A. Green's
Springfield: 1636-
1886 (Boston: Nichols, 1888).
3 Joseph H. Smith provides well-documented chapters on William Pynchon and
his son John in Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts (1639-1702): The
Pynchon
Court Record (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), and Samuel Eliot
Morison
indudes a chapter on William in the revised edition of his Builders of the
Bay Colony
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964).
4 The D h y of William Pynchon of Salem has been edited by Fitch Edward
Oliver (Boston: Riverside, 1890).
5 In a commentary in Waters' Genealogical Gleanings, p. 867, T. R. Pynchon
notes that from the seventeenth-century John Pynchon "are descended all who
bear the
name in America."
6 Frank D. McConnell, "Thomas Pynchon," Contempomy Novelists, ed. James
Vinson (New York: St. Martin's, 1972), p. 1034.
7 Lewis Nichols, "In and Out of Books," New York Times Book Review, 28 April
1963, p. 8.
8 Alfred Appel, Jr., "An Interview with Vladimir Nabokov," Wisconsin
Studies in
Contemporary Literdure, 8 (Spring 1967). 139.
9 I was directed to "The Monterey Fair" by Joseph W. Slade, T h o m Pynchon
(New York: Warner, 1974), p. 14. Fariiia's composition is mentioned in the
essay on
Pynchon in Contempo7ary Authors, 19-20 (1968). 353.
10 Nichols, p. 8.
11 I have made several minor emendations in the article.
12 W. T. Lhamon, "The Most Irresponsible Bastard," The New Republic, 168
(14 April 1973), 27.
You have printed the following article:
The Quest for Pynchon
Mathew Winston
Twentieth Century Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Oct., 1975), pp. 278-287.


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